Recent decades have witnessed a proliferation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the emergence of activity in different areas of production. On topics ranging from human rights to working conditions, NGOs and activists are growing district in the non-market environment of the firm. Explores the various ways in which firms manage NGO pressure, noting cases of pre-emption, capitulation, and resistance. Considers three case studies - Unocal, Nike, and Novartis -., And evaluates a number of hypotheses about the economic and non-economic factors that cause different responses firm NGOs "Hide
by Debora L. Spar, Spar, Deborah L., Lane T . La Mure Source: California Management Review 26 pages. Publication Date: April 1, 2003. Prod. #: CMR255-PDF-ENG
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